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François Marie Charles Fourier (;〔("Fourier" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 ; 7 April 1772 – 10 October 1837) was a French philosopher and an influential early socialist thinker later associated with "utopian socialism". Some of Fourier's social and moral views, held to be radical in his lifetime, have become mainstream thinking in modern society. Fourier is, for instance, credited with having originated the word ''feminism'' in 1837.〔Goldstein 1982, p. 92.〕 Fourier's social views and proposals inspired a whole movement of intentional communities. Among them in the United States were the community of Utopia, Ohio; La Reunion near present-day Dallas, Texas; the North American Phalanx in Red Bank, New Jersey; Brook Farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts (where Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of the founders); the Community Place and Sodus Bay Phalanx in New York State, and several others. Later Fourier inspired a diverse array of revolutionary thinkers and writers. ==Life== Fourier was born in Besançon, France on April 7, 1772.〔Serenyi 1967, p. 278.〕 The son of a small businessman, Fourier was more interested in architecture than in his father's trade.〔 He wanted to become an engineer, but the local military engineering school accepted only sons of noblemen.〔 Fourier later said he was grateful that he did not pursue engineering, because it would have consumed too much of his time and taken away from his true desire to help humanity.〔Pellarin 1846, p. 14.〕 When his father died in 1781, Fourier received two-fifths of his father's estate, valued at more than 200,000 francs.〔Pellarin 1846, p. 7.〕 This inheritance enabled Fourier to travel throughout Europe at his leisure. In 1791 he moved from Besançon to Lyon, where he was employed by the merchant M. Bousquet.〔Pellarin 1846, p. 236.〕 Fourier's travels also brought him to Paris, where he worked as the head of the Office of Statistics for a few months.〔 Not satisfied with making journeys on behalf of others for their commercial benefit,〔Pellarin 1846, p. 15.〕 and desiring to seek knowledge in everything he could, Fourier would often change business firms and residences in order to explore and experience new things. From 1791 to 1816 Fourier was employed in Paris, Rouen, Lyon, Marseille, and Bordeaux.〔Pellarin 1846, pp. 235-236.〕 As a traveling salesman and correspondence clerk, his research and thought was time-limited: he complained of "serving the knavery of merchants" and the stupefaction of "deceitful and degrading duties." He took up writing, and his first book was published in 1808. Fourier died in Paris in 1837.〔〔Pellarin 1846, p. 213.〕 ==Ideas== Fourier declared that concern and cooperation were the secrets of social success. He believed that a society that cooperated would see an immense improvement in their productivity levels. Workers would be recompensed for their labors according to their contribution. Fourier saw such cooperation occurring in communities he called "phalanxes," based around structures called Phalanstères or "grand hotels." These buildings were four-level apartment complexes where the richest had the uppermost apartments and the poorest enjoyed a ground-floor residence. Wealth was determined by one's job; jobs were assigned based on the interests and desires of the individual. There were incentives: jobs people might not enjoy doing would receive higher pay. Fourier considered trade, which he associated with Jews, to be the "source of all evil" and advocated that Jews be forced to perform farm work in the phalansteries.〔Richard H. Roberts. ''Religion and the Transformations of Capitalism: Comparative Approaches.'' Routledge, 1995, p. 90.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Charles Fourier」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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